Fountainebleau, FL — City Data, Demographics & Statistics
Miami-Dade County · Florida
City DNA
A unique fingerprint for Fountainebleau based on 8 key metrics — compared to averages.
Quick Stats
Population
56,453
2023 ACS
Median Income
$65,568
2023
Median Home Value
$284,600
2023
Median Rent
$1,948
2023
Median Age
42.6
Unemployment
2.9%
Cost of Living Index
129.5
100 = national avg
Fountainebleau is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, with a population of 56,453 according to the 2023 American Community Survey. Fountainebleau is one of the communities in Florida.
The median household income in Fountainebleau is $65,568, and the median home value is $284,600. The cost of living index is 129.5 (where 100 = national average), and the median rent is $1,948 per month. The unemployment rate is 2.9%, and the median age is 42.6 years.
People & Demographics
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)Population
Total Population
56,453
Male
26,660
47.2%
Female
29,793
52.8%
Median Age
42.6
Age Distribution
Education & Household
Bachelor's or Higher
26.7%
High School or Higher
44.6%
Foreign Born
73.7%
Veterans
0.8%
Married
41.5%
Avg Household Size
2.7
Marital Status by Age
Race & Ethnicity
Diversity Index
0.000
Simpson's Index (0-1)
Largest Group
White
45.1%
Foreign Born
73.7%
Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity
Hispanic/Latino is an ethnicity, not a race. People of any race can identify as Hispanic. This percentage overlaps with the racial categories above.
Hispanic/Latino
90.0%
50,796 people
Not Hispanic/Latino
10.0%
Hispanic/Latino Detail
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)Asian Detail
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)American Indian & Alaska Native Detail
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)Languages Spoken
Total Speakers (5+)
54,294
English Only
8.9%
#1 Non-English Language
Spanish
47,359 speakers
Limited English
48.5%
Language Distribution
English Proficiency
Speaks English Very Well
51.5%
Limited English Proficiency
48.5%
Veterans & Military
Total Veterans
438
0.8% of population
Disability Rate
21.2%
93 with disability
Veteran Median Income
$39,643
Period of Service
Veteran Age Distribution
Male Veterans
385
87.9%
Female Veterans
53
12.1%
Veteran vs Non-Veteran Income
Veteran Income
$39,643
Non-Veteran Income
$29,520
Difference
$10,123
34.3% higher
Disability Status
With Disability
93
Without Disability
345
Disability Rate
21.2%
Ancestry & Heritage
Total Reporting Ancestry
4,391
#1 Ancestry
Italian
1.6% (929)
#2 Ancestry
American
1.6% (883)
#3 Ancestry
Arab
0.5% (296)
Top 20 Ancestries
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)Families & Households
Total Households
21,188
Family Households
15,129
71.4%
Married Couples
9,413
44.4%
Non-Family Households
6,059
28.6%
Single Mother Households
3,784
17.9%
Single Father Households
1,932
9.1%
Living Alone
4,162
19.6%
Children Under 18
Total Children
7,297
In Married Couple
4,877
66.8%
With Single Mother
1,846
25.3%
With Single Father
574
7.9%
Family Income
Median Family Income
$70,650
Married Couple Income
$81,264
Single Mother Income
$53,750
Single Father Income
$60,250
Avg Family Size
2.7
Avg Non-Family Size
2.8
Grandparents w/ Grandchildren
1,457
Grandparents Responsible
169
Economy
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023)Income Overview
Median Household Income
$65,568
-10% vs national
Per Capita Income
$30,904
-17% vs national
Poverty Rate
12.3%
-9% vs national
Gini Index
0.4037
0 = perfect equality
Unemployment
2.9%
-45% vs national
SNAP Recipients
23.8%
of households
How Fountainebleau Compares
Fountainebleau vs Similar Cities
Compared to cities with 50,000 - 100,000 residents. Fountainebleau is highlighted.
Median Household Income
Fountainebleau, FL has a median household income of $65,568, making it the 14,001st highest median household income out of 28,123 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher median household income than 50% of all the cities we measured.
Per Capita Income
Fountainebleau, FL has a per capita income of $30,904, making it the 16,339th highest per capita income out of 28,123 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher per capita income than 42% of all the cities we measured.
Poverty Rate
Fountainebleau, FL has a poverty rate of 12.3%, making it the 13,880th highest poverty rate out of 31,262 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher poverty rate than 56% of all the cities we measured.
Unemployment Rate
Fountainebleau, FL has a unemployment rate of 2.9%, making it the 18,064th highest unemployment rate out of 31,012 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher unemployment rate than 42% of all the cities we measured.
Where Do You Stack Up?
Enter your household income to see how you compare to other households in Fountainebleau. The median household income here is $65,568.
Income Distribution
Employment Snapshot
Unemployment Rate
2.9%
-41% vs FL avg
Labor Force
33,314
Employed
32,203
How People Get to Work
Employment by Sector
Education & Workforce
Bachelor's Degree+
26.7%
of adults 25+
High School Diploma+
44.6%
of adults 25+
Median Age
42.6
Work from Home
9.3%
of workers
Top Occupations & Wages
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (2024)
Data represents the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metro area
Highest-Paying Job
General and Operations Managers
Top Median Wage
$104.1K
per year
Occupations Tracked
20
Cost of Living
Overall Index
129.5
100 = national avg
+29.5 vs national average
Living Wage (1 Adult)
$56,980
per year
Living Wage (Family of 4)
$134,681
per year
Cost Index by Category
100 = national average. Higher = more expensive.
Fair Market Rent
Source: HUD
1 Bedroom
$1,995
per month
2 Bedroom
$2,436
per month
The median household income in Fountainebleau, FL is $65,568, which is 10.5% below the national average of $73,224. Per capita income is $30,904. The poverty rate of 12.3% is lower than the FL state average of 13.5%. The Gini index of income inequality is 0.4037, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents maximum inequality. The unemployment rate is 2.9%, compared to the state average of 4.9%. The labor force is 33,314. 26.7% of adults hold a bachelor's degree or higher. About 75.1% of workers drive alone to work. The overall cost of living index is 129.5, which is 29.5% above the national average. Housing costs are above the national average at an index of 179.5. A single adult needs to earn approximately $56,980 per year to cover basic expenses.
Housing & Real Estate
Market SnapshotRedfin — January 2026
Median Sale Price
$279,000
Median List Price
$320,000
Price Per Sq Ft
$275
Days on Market
115
Active Inventory
155
Months of Supply
6.0
Balanced market
Market CompetitivenessRedfin
Sold Above List
0.0%
Off Market in 2 Weeks
13.6%
Sale-to-List Ratio
94.7%
Buyer's market
Price TrendsRedfin
Market ActivityRedfin
Homes Sold
26
New Listings
52
Pending Sales
22
Price Per Square FootRedfin
Median Sale $/SF
$275
Median List $/SF
$303
Fountainebleau vs Similar CitiesCensus ACS / Redfin
Compared to cities with 50,000 - 100,000 residents. Fountainebleau is highlighted.
Median Home Value
Fountainebleau, FL has a median home value of $284,600, making it the 7,659th highest median home value out of 27,993 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher median home value than 73% of all the cities we measured.
Median Rent
Fountainebleau, FL has a median rent of $1,948, making it the 1,797th highest median rent out of 22,337 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher median rent than 92% of all the cities we measured.
Median Price Per Sq Ft
Fountainebleau, FL has a price per square foot of $275, making it the 4,325th highest price per square foot out of 20,748 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher price per square foot than 79% of all the cities we measured.
Rent Burden
Fountainebleau, FL has a rent burden of 35.7%, making it the 482nd highest rent burden out of 21,928 cities in our database. This means that Fountainebleau has a higher rent burden than 98% of all the cities we measured.
Census Housing DataU.S. Census Bureau ACS 2023
Median Home Value
$284,600
Median Rent
$1,948
Total Housing Units
23,094
Vacancy Rate
8.3%
Owner Occupied
43.9%
Renter Occupied
56.1%
Median Property Tax
$1,871
per year
Monthly Cost (w/ Mortgage)
$1,109
Housing Types
Property TaxU.S. Census Bureau ACS 2023
Median Property Tax
$1,871
per year
Effective Tax Rate
0.66%
of home value
Median Home Value
$284,600
Estimated Mean Tax
$2,413
The effective property tax rate is calculated by dividing the median annual property tax ($1,871) by the median home value ($284,600). In Fountainebleau, FL, this works out to an effective rate of 0.66%. This is below the national average of approximately 1.1%.
The current median sale price in Fountainebleau, FL is $279,000 according to Redfin data. Homes spend a median of 115 days on the market. 0.0% of homes sold above asking price. The market has 6.0 months of supply. The median price per square foot is $275. The median rent is $1,948 per month (Census ACS). About 43.9% of housing units are owner-occupied. The median year homes were built is 1983. There are 23,094 total housing units. Homeowners pay a median annual property tax of $1,871. The effective tax rate is 0.66%, below the national average.
Crime data is not yet available for Fountainebleau. The FBI UCR/NIBRS program does not cover all jurisdictions.
Natural Hazard Risk
Source: FEMA National Risk IndexRisk Score
99.6
Very High
Expected Annual Loss
99.6
Score (0-100)
Social Vulnerability
75.9
Score (0-100)
Community Resilience
42.9
Score (0-100)
Scores range from 0 (lowest risk) to 100 (highest risk) relative to all U.S. communities. Data from FEMA National Risk Index.
Disaster History & Federal Spending
Source: FEMATotal Declarations
43
Public Assistance
$2.0B
Individual Assistance
$189.6M
Most Common Type
Hurricane
23 declarations
Public Assistance by Category
| Disaster | Type | Date | PA $ | IA $ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hurricane Milton → | Hurricane | Oct 2024 | $2.6M | $14K |
| Hurricane Milton → | Hurricane | Oct 2024 | — | — |
| Hurricane Nicole → | Hurricane | Dec 2022 | $189K | — |
| Tropical Storm Nicole → | Tropical Storm | Nov 2022 | — | — |
| Hurricane Ian → | Hurricane | Sep 2022 | $923K | $5K |
| Tropical Storm Ian → | Hurricane | Sep 2022 | — | — |
| Tropical Storm Elsa → | Severe Storm | Jul 2021 | — | — |
| Surfside Building Collapse → | Other | Jun 2021 | $54.2M | — |
| Hurricane Isaias → | Hurricane | Aug 2020 | $129K | — |
| Covid-19 Pandemic → | Biological | Mar 2020 | $633.9M | $13.7M |
| Covid-19 → | Biological | Mar 2020 | — | — |
| Hurricane Dorian → | Hurricane | Aug 2019 | — | — |
| Hurricane Irma → | Hurricane | Sep 2017 | $438.7M | $110.3M |
| Hurricane Irma → | Hurricane | Sep 2017 | — | — |
| Hurricane Matthew → | Hurricane | Oct 2016 | — | — |
| Tropical Storm Debby → | Severe Storm(s) | Jul 2012 | $50K | — |
| Tropical Storm Fay → | Severe Storm(s) | Aug 2008 | $13K | — |
| Tropical Storm Fay → | Severe Storm | Aug 2008 | $1.8M | — |
| Hurricane Wilma → | Hurricane | Oct 2005 | $392.2M | $44.9M |
| Tropical Storm Rita → | Hurricane | Sep 2005 | $1.9M | — |
Showing 20 of 53 disasters
PA = FEMA Public Assistance (infrastructure recovery). IA = Individual Assistance (homeowner/renter aid).
Flood Insurance (NFIP)
Source: FEMA NFIPTotal Claims
62,001
Total Claims Paid
$854,895,303
Avg Claim Payout
$13,788
County-level NFIP data from FEMA National Flood Insurance Program.
Hazard Mitigation
Source: FEMA Hazard Mitigation AssistanceMitigation Projects
118
Federal Funding
$121,060,645
Properties Protected
180
Avg Benefit-Cost Ratio
9.15
BCR
Top Mitigation Project Types
| Project Type | Projects | Federal $ |
|---|---|---|
| 205.8: Retrofitting Public Structures - Wind | 67 | $17,513,777 |
| 205.7: Retrofitting Private Structures - Wind | 22 | $24,650,255 |
| 405.1: Other Minor Flood Control | 7 | $5,569,161 |
| 403.2: Stormwater Management - Diversions | 5 | $38,331,984 |
| 403.1: Stormwater Management - Culverts | 3 | $17,151,657 |
Federally funded projects to reduce future disaster risk. Only includes completed or obligated projects.
Fountainebleau has a very high overall natural hazard risk rating according to FEMA's National Risk Index. The top hazard risks are hurricane, lightning, coastal flood. The area has had 43 federal disaster declarations. The most common disaster type is hurricane (23 declarations). 62,001 flood insurance claims have been filed in the area. FEMA has obligated $2,024,407,401 in public assistance recovery funding. $189,586,444 has been distributed in individual assistance to disaster-affected residents. 118 hazard mitigation projects have been funded to reduce future risk.
Health
Community Health
Source: CDC PLACES
Obesity Rate
28.5%
7.6pp below the national average
Depression Rate
13.0%
10.5pp below the national average
Diabetes Rate
15.3%
3.4pp above the national average
Uninsured Rate
29.5%
18.9pp above the national average
Health Scorecard
Higher scores indicate better health outcomes relative to the national average (50 = average)
Health Outcomes
Age-adjusted prevalence rates. Green bars indicate rates below the national average; red indicates above.
High Cholesterol
36.0%
Arthritis
19.5%
Cancer (excl. skin)
5.7%
Teeth Lost (65+)
11.9%
Health Risk Behaviors
Prevention & Screening
Green bars indicate rates above the national average (more preventive care); red indicates below.
Mental Health & Wellbeing
Frequent Mental Distress
13.6%
14+ days in past month
Depression
13.0%
Loneliness
—
Lack of Support
—
Disability Prevalence
Any Disability
29.6%
Mobility
15.4%
Cognitive
13.9%
Hearing
7.0%
Vision
8.6%
Self-Care
4.7%
Independent Living
7.6%
Fountainebleau has an obesity rate of 28.5%, which is 7.6pp below the national average. The depression rate is 13.0%, 10.5pp below the national average. About 29.5% of adults lack health insurance. 74.9% of residents had an annual checkup in the past year.
Nearby Hospitals
Source: CMS Hospital Compare
Nearest Hospitals
5
With Emergency Services
5
Avg CMS Rating
2.8 / 5
Nearest Hospital
3.2 mi
Keralty Hospital
| Hospital | Distance | Type | Rating | ER |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keralty Hospital | 3.2 mi | Acute Care Hospitals | 1/5 | Yes |
| Nicklaus Children'S Hospital | 3.2 mi | Childrens | — | Yes |
| Hca Florida Kendall Hospital | 4.5 mi | Acute Care Hospitals | 3/5 | Yes |
| Coral Gables Hospital | 4.9 mi | Acute Care Hospitals | 3/5 | Yes |
| South Miami Hospital | 5.7 mi | Acute Care Hospitals | 4/5 | Yes |
Infrastructure
Commute Overview2023 ACS
Drive Alone
75.1%
-5% vs national
Public Transit
1.8%
+99% vs national
Work From Home
9.3%
0% vs national
Carpool
10.7%
Walk / Bike
0.5%
combined
How Fountainebleau's Commute ComparesCensus ACS 2023
How People Get to WorkCensus ACS 2023
Commute Mode BreakdownCensus ACS 2023
Commute data for Fountainebleau, FL covers travel times and transportation modes. 75.1% of workers drive alone, compared to the national average of 78.7%. 9.3% work from home, which is below the FL state average of 13.8%. Public transit is used by 1.8% of commuters, compared to the national average of 0.9%. 10.7% of workers carpool.
Internet & Broadband Access
Source: Census ACSBroadband Access
91.7%
of households
Cable / Fiber / DSL
69.8%
of households
No Internet
6.5%
of households
Total Households
21,188
Internet Subscription Types
Device Ownership
Source: Census ACSHas Computer
97.1%
of households
Smartphone
93.7%
of households
Desktop / Laptop
80.5%
of households
Tablet
58.1%
of households
Percentage of households with each device type. Data from the U.S. Census Bureau ACS (2023 5-year estimates, tables B28001 & B28002).
Electricity Rates
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2024)Residential Rate
14.1¢
per kWh
-23% vs 50,000 - 100,000 avg
Commercial Rate
11.0¢
per kWh
-26% vs 50,000 - 100,000 avg
Industrial Rate
8.5¢
per kWh
-23% vs 50,000 - 100,000 avg
Avg Monthly Bill
$156
residential
+7% vs 50,000 - 100,000 avg
17% below the national average of 17.1¢/kWh
Residential electricity in Florida averages 14.1¢ per kWh, compared to the national average of 17.1¢. The average monthly electric bill is $156. State-level averages from EIA Electric Sales & Revenue data (2024).
Fountainebleau vs Similar Cities
Source: EIA (2024)Comparing electricity rates with randomly selected cities of similar population (50,000 - 100,000). Each city represents its state's average rate.
Residential Rate (¢/kWh)
Commercial Rate (¢/kWh)
Industrial Rate (¢/kWh)
Average Monthly Bill
91.7% of households in Fountainebleau have broadband internet access. 69.8% have cable, fiber, or DSL service. 18.4% rely solely on cellular data without a wired connection. 6.5% of households have no internet access. 9.4% use only a smartphone without a desktop or laptop.
Politics & Government
County-level data: Election results are reported at the county level. Fountainebleau is located in Miami-Dade County, FL. Results reflect all voters in the county, not just those in Fountainebleau.
Election Overview
Source: Miami-Dade County (2024)2024 Winner
Republican
Dem Votes
480,355
43.9%
GOP Votes
605,590
55.4%
Total Votes
1,094,093
Margin
R+11.5%
Shift from 2020
R+18.8pp
vs prior election
Election History
Source: County-Level Election Results| Year | Dem Votes | GOP Votes | Total | Dem % | GOP % | Margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 480,355 | 605,590 | 1,094,093 | 43.9% | 55.4% | R+11.5 |
| 2020 | 617,864 | 532,833 | 1,156,816 | 53.4% | 46.1% | D+7.4 |
| 2016 | 623,006 | 333,666 | 978,670 | 63.7% | 34.1% | D+29.6 |
In the 2024 presidential election, Miami-Dade County recorded 1,094,093 total votes. Republicans won the county with 55.4% of the vote compared to 43.9% for Democrats, a margin of R+11.5%. Compared to 2020, the margin shifted R+18.8pp from the previous election. Since 2016, Miami-Dade County has shifted 41.0 percentage points toward Republicans.
SBA Lending Overview
Source: SBA FOIA Loan-Level DataTotal SBA Loans
1
Total Approved
$20K
Jobs Supported
2
Per 10K Residents
0.2
SBA loans
-99.7% vs peers avg
Unique Lenders
1
Top Lender
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
1 loans
Top Industry
Real Estate, Rental & Leasing
Data Span
2008–2008
Loan Program Breakdown
Source: SBA FOIALoans
1
Total Amount
$20K
Avg Loan
$20,000
Median Loan
$20,000
SBA Guaranteed
$10K(50%)
Jobs Supported
2
Top Industries Funded
Source: SBA FOIA / NAICS CodesSBA Loans per 10K Residents vs Similar Cities
Source: SBA FOIA + Census ACSCompared to cities with population 50,000 - 100,000
Top SBA Borrowers
Source: SBA FOIA| Business | Loans | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| El Dove Inc | 1 | $20K |
Fountainebleau, FL has received 1 SBA loans totaling $20K in approved funding between 2008 and 2008. The 7(a) program accounts for 1 loans (100% of the total), supporting 2 jobs. The most common industry receiving SBA funding is Real Estate, Rental & Leasing. The most active SBA lender in Fountainebleau is JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association with 1 loans. That works out to 0.2 SBA loans per 10,000 residents.
ZIP Code Overview
Source: Census ACSZIP Codes
40
Total Population
1,390,986
Avg Median Income
-$16,593,962
Avg Home Value
-$32,839,738
ZIP Code Details
Source: Census ACS| ZIP Code | Population | Median Income | Home Value | Median Rent | Area (sq mi) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 33010 | 42,132 | $45,449 | $346,500 | $1,318 | 4.3 |
| 33012 | 69,408 | $45,818 | $355,600 | $1,562 | 5.9 |
| 33013 | 29,100 | $57,242 | $407,400 | $1,488 | 3.8 |
| 33014 | 40,742 | $74,934 | $398,400 | $1,720 | 6.5 |
| 33016 | 45,285 | $56,633 | $295,800 | $1,753 | 4.2 |
| 33101 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.0 |
| 33122 | 1,988 | $83,152 | $1,284,700 | $2,437 | 2.4 |
| 33125 | 55,449 | $40,940 | $377,600 | $1,427 | 3.9 |
| 33126 | 47,038 | $55,722 | $299,800 | $1,651 | 5.4 |
| 33127 | 27,585 | $41,125 | $398,800 | $1,394 | 3.3 |
| 33128 | 9,018 | $36,308 | N/A | $1,316 | 0.4 |
| 33129 | 14,717 | $102,969 | $573,900 | $2,241 | 1.4 |
| 33130 | 32,363 | $57,933 | $479,800 | $1,656 | 1.1 |
| 33133 | 34,651 | $92,734 | $906,800 | $1,945 | 4.2 |
| 33134 | 36,937 | $92,009 | $660,200 | $1,818 | 5.2 |
| 33135 | 35,053 | $37,757 | $396,700 | $1,315 | 2.1 |
| 33136 | 16,611 | $43,481 | $352,700 | $1,337 | 1.4 |
| 33142 | 56,437 | $37,900 | $298,000 | $1,289 | 10.9 |
| 33143 | 32,167 | $80,924 | $768,900 | $1,823 | 7.8 |
| 33144 | 26,288 | $59,207 | $440,600 | $1,730 | 3.1 |
| 33145 | 29,454 | $70,592 | $560,300 | $1,769 | 2.5 |
| 33146 | 18,861 | $124,712 | $1,141,800 | $2,774 | 3.1 |
| 33147 | 47,203 | $47,728 | $301,300 | $1,359 | 7.2 |
| 33155 | 43,133 | $79,271 | $505,000 | $1,871 | 7.4 |
| 33156 | 32,708 | $134,720 | $1,063,100 | $1,936 | 13.9 |
| 33158 | 6,029 | $180,357 | $935,800 | $3,501 | 2.8 |
| 33165 | 50,471 | $84,086 | $476,100 | $1,796 | 7.5 |
| 33166 | 26,925 | $78,166 | $489,200 | $1,766 | 8.0 |
| 33172 | 39,465 | $61,733 | $260,200 | $1,926 | 6.4 |
| 33173 | 32,042 | $83,053 | $460,500 | $1,935 | 5.5 |
| 33174 | 35,056 | $59,599 | $379,000 | $1,786 | 3.1 |
| 33175 | 49,611 | $79,711 | $456,600 | $1,943 | 7.9 |
| 33176 | 52,190 | $80,437 | $568,400 | $1,666 | 12.1 |
| 33178 | 65,515 | $91,338 | $499,300 | $2,609 | 61.1 |
| 33182 | 12,685 | $96,992 | $473,200 | $2,329 | 3.5 |
| 33183 | 33,811 | $67,741 | $372,000 | $1,880 | 5.5 |
| 33184 | 19,618 | $77,443 | $418,200 | $1,926 | 2.5 |
| 33185 | 29,124 | $107,146 | $496,700 | $2,769 | 6.9 |
| 33186 | 67,597 | $86,481 | $422,300 | $2,021 | 12.4 |
| 33193 | 46,519 | $74,646 | $422,600 | $1,789 | 7.6 |
Fountainebleau, FL has 40 ZIP codes with a combined population of 1,390,986. The average median household income across all ZIP codes is -$16,593,962. The average median home value is -$32,839,738. The average median monthly rent is -$16,664,852.
Similar Cities
Cities with similar population, income, housing, crime, education, and demographic profiles.